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Home » Business And Finance Articles » Permanence Of Paper

Permanence of Paper

Historically, most of society's writings and visual images have been recorded on paper. However, paper is an organic material and is subject to deterioration caused by chemical, physical and biological agents. While documents on paper several hundreds of years old have endured, most paper manufactured in the last two hundred years has a limited storage life due primarily to acidity induced as part of paper manufacturing processes used during that time period. Exposure to acidic air pollutants also contributes to paper degradation.

Chemically this degradation is a result of acid hydrolysis of the cellulose polymers which are themselves responsible for the intrinsic strength found in paper sheets. The hydrolysis reaction are also autocatalytic since they produce additional acid products which themselves further increase paper acidity and accelerate degradation occurring.

Since untreated paper is too absorbent for the application of inks, hydrophobic fillers also called sizings are added to paper surfaces as part of the manufacturing process which can also have an impact on paper permanence. Sizing impacts absorption of liquids to prevent feathering of inks and dyes and to provide a crisp image.

Paper made before the 19th century was often made by hand from linen and cotton rag materials which are excellent sources of high cellulose, long fibers. Gelatin, from animal hides, was used to size such papers and because the resulting papers were neutral to only slightly alkaline they had very good storage properties. The paper machine appeared at the end of the 18th century, and as the demand for paper outpaced sources of available gelatin, cotton rags and linen, wood fiber took the place of cotton and linen. However, wood has shorter fibers and lower cellulose content along with lignin so that chemical methods had to be developed to free fibers from wood and other plant matter to supply the increasing amounts of paper furnish needed. Mechanical action ["beating"] to soften and bleaching to whiten these new materials yielded pulps that could be laid down by machine as a sheet with subsequent drying to form paper.

Gelatin was replaced in the early 1800s with rosin which was mainly abietic acid isolated from pine resin. Alum (papermaker's alum or aluminum sulfate) was used to precipitate the rosin onto paper forming an alum/rosin sizing. Aluminum sulfate reacts with water - and produces sulfuric acid â€" and production of paper on the paper machine demanded additional alum, so papermakers often used the salt in excess. The industrial revolution added outside factors such as air pollution and acidic oxides of nitrogen or sulfur and ozone to the environment. Early bleaching processes using chlorine and hypochlorites, strong oxidizers, also degraded the cellulose and reduced its strength. All of these led to diminution of paper properties. Fortunately, bleaching processes have totally significantly over the past few decades and the chlorination and hypochlorite steps are no longer used resulting in less damage is done to resulting fiber.

The strength of paper results from a combination of factors. The most important is the condition of cellulose, in particular chain length. Cellulose is made up of repeating units of glucose monomers and the number of glucose units present provides a measure of degree of polymerization (DP). In native cellulose from wood DP is about 10,000. Depending on the nature of the pulping and bleaching, the DP of processed cellulose falls to a range of 600 â€" 1100.

After this reduction the paper fibers are still quite strong, but fiber strength is highly dependent upon retaining this DP and acids break cellulose bonds randomly often cutting the cellulose polymer in central regions. These attacks drastically reduce the DP of cellulose and quickly weaken the fibers. Alkalis also attack cellulose, but by a different mechanism, in which only end units are removed (end peeling) so that alkaline degradation has much less effect on reducing DP (Bristow and Kolseth, 1986)

Some low quality papers such as groundwood for newsprint also contain high amounts of lignin.

Lignin contains phenolic entities sensitive to light which develop chromophores or conjugated double bonds in the chemical structure which can absorb light in the visible range. This makes paper containing high amounts of lignin very prone to discoloration or yellowing. While there is no doubt that lignin in paper contributes to its discoloration, there is little evidence to show that paper containing lignin loses strength faster than paper of similar quality without lignin (Luner, 1988). However, standard specifications for durable paper allow no more than 1% lignin, for papers used in archives, libraries, and other permanent records.

In addition to the acid nature inherent in paper and the exposure to acidic air pollutants, it is now known that exposure of stable or acid free paper to acidic books and papers â€" as in a library or archive â€" will lead to deterioration of such seemingly stable documents stored within the same collections (Smith, 1999). Other threats to permanence include those from water and fire damage, theft, and vandalism or biological agents. These are problems while not inherently present with paper materials have been addressed in depth by the Northeast Document Conservation Center (NDCC, 1999).

Because of its importance to society, the permanence of paper is addressed in a significant and growing literature much of which has been generated by the community of archivists and librarians.

And here is another random article you might be interested in...

Using Your Business Plan

Once you have completed developing and writing your business plan, do not file it away! This important document should be kept in an auspicious place where you can see it daily. Many business owners choose to highlight certain sections of their business plans by creating images or posters they can display around the office. Consider posting a portion or the entire plan on your company's website so potential clients can review your goals and mission. Strive to enforce the rules set by your business plan and work hard to accomplish your goals. Using this document as a road map, begin working towards running the best company possible.

Many businesses spend an exorbitant amount of time and money creating their business plan to never see, read, or use it again. Do not become one of these entrepreneurs! It is not enough simply have a business plan somewhere in your midst, you must use it on a daily basis. Let your business plan become a way of life. Work to include aspects of your plan in all decisions regarding your business.

Your business plan may need to be updated from time to time in order to stay current with the ever-changing face of entrepreneurship. Upon completion of goals, take time to update your plan with how you managed to complete your goals and address new ones. Many businesses find some aspect of the plan was incorrect or did not work. Ratify your plan to include the reasons why this aspect failed and how you went about successfully completing the task.

By using your business plan on a daily basis and ensuring the plan is current, your business will have a greater chance for prolonged success. Many entrepreneurs who use their plan initially, but then allow it to fall to the wayside experience a flash in the pan scenario where their success eventually gives out. Instead, work diligently to consult and update your plan on a regular basis to ensure your success is lasting. Remember, your business plan reflects your business and the manner in which you intend to run your business. Allowing yourself and employees to use this plan regularly will ensure your business remains on the straight and narrow for the future.